1. Subperitoneal adipose tissue

It may contain lymph nodes. Lymph node-bearing adipose tissue shall be dissected, placed into a retrieval bag, and removed from the body.

2. Prostate

The prostate is located inferior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum. Its base is continuous with the bladder neck, while the apex is adjacent to the dorsal venous complex and urethra. Posteriorly, it is separated from the rectum by Denonvilliers' fascia. During surgery, the surrounding tissues and vascular pedicles are dissected before prostate removal.

3. Lateral Prostatic Ligament

The lateral prostatic ligament is a fibrous structure located along the lateral aspect of the prostate. It is closely associated with the prostatic vascular pedicle and neurovascular structures. During prostate dissection, it is carefully exposed and divided. Clipping or coagulation may be used to control bleeding.

4. Seminal vesicle

Connected to the vas deferens, this glandular dilated structure serves as a landmark for identifying Denonvilliers’ fascia.

5. Dorsal venous complex

Located at the prostatic apex, the apical tip of the triangular pyramidal prostate, this structure is enveloped by abundant connective tissue and blood vessels. The urethra lies posteriorly, and ligation is performed while avoiding the urethra.

6. Vas deferens

It is continuous with the seminal vesicle, thicker than ordinary blood vessels, and pale in color.

7. Peritoneum

It is a thin, membranous connective tissue covering the adipose tissue on the abdominal cavity surface.

8. Obturator nerve

Located inferolaterally to the external iliac artery, the obturator nerve is white and clearly visible. It comes into view during dissection of the left and right sides of the prostate and is generally kept untouched.

9. Bladder neck

The bladder neck is located at the inferior outlet of the bladder and is continuous with the proximal urethra. It is separated from the prostate during dissection. After prostate removal, it is preserved or reconstructed as needed. It is then anastomosed to the urethral stump.

10. Urethra

The urethra extends from the bladder neck and passes through the prostate. Near the prostatic apex, it lies posterior to the dorsal venous complex. The urethral catheter helps identify it during dissection. After prostate removal, the urethral stump is connected to the bladder neck.

11. Vesicoprostatic space

It lies between the bladder and the prostate. Few clips are used at this stage, prior to the elevation of the vas deferens and seminal vesicles.

12. Rectum

The rectum is located posterior to the prostate and is separated from the prostate by Denonvilliers' fascia. During prostate dissection, this fascial plane is carefully developed to avoid rectal injury.

13. Denonvilliers’ fascia

It lies between the prostate and the rectum and appears whitish. Prostatic lateral ligamentts are present on both sides, and it only becomes exposed after the vas deferens and seminal vesicles are mobilized.

14. Below the pubic symphysis

On the anterior side of the dorsal venous complex, a suture is passed through to improve postoperative urinary continence.

15. External iliac vessels

The collective term for the external iliac artery and external iliac vein is the external iliac vessels. Their surface is covered with abundant adipose tissue, within which diffuse lymphoid tissue is present.

16. Suture

After ligation of the dorsal venous complex, excess suture is cut and removed.

17. Urethral Catheter

The urethral catheter serves as a prominent landmark for identifying the urethra in the final stage of dissection.

18. Non-target